ASP.NET IDENTITY 의 패스워드 관한 문의에 대한답변 건입니다.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19957176/asp-net-identity-password-hashing

MICROSOFT 사에서 구현한 ASP.NET IDENTITY 의 패스워드 구현한 소스 입니다. HashPasswordV3 이 패스워드를 PBKDF2 + sha256 으로 암호화 처리한 부분입니다.
https://github.com/aspnet/Identity/blob/37d4e2b6ff3e64985f0fa7017108b164dce9233b/src/Microsoft.AspNet.Identity/PasswordHasher.cs

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.

using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using Microsoft.AspNet.Security.DataProtection;
using Microsoft.Framework.OptionsModel;

namespace Microsoft.AspNet.Identity
{
    /// <summary>
    ///     Implements password hashing methods
    /// </summary>
    public class PasswordHasher<TUser> : IPasswordHasher<TUser> where TUser : class
    {
        /* =======================
         * HASHED PASSWORD FORMATS
         * =======================
         * 
         * Version 2:
         * PBKDF2 with HMAC-SHA1, 128-bit salt, 256-bit subkey, 1000 iterations.
         * (See also: SDL crypto guidelines v5.1, Part III)
         * Format: { 0x00, salt, subkey }
         *
         * Version 3:
         * PBKDF2 with HMAC-SHA256, 128-bit salt, 256-bit subkey, 10000 iterations.
         * Format: { 0x01, prf (UInt32), iter count (UInt32), salt length (UInt32), salt, subkey }
         * (All UInt32s are stored big-endian.)
         */

        private readonly PasswordHasherCompatibilityMode _compatibilityMode;
        private readonly RandomNumberGenerator _rng;

        /// <summary>
        ///     Constructs a PasswordHasher using the specified options
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="options"></param>
        public PasswordHasher(IOptions<PasswordHasherOptions> options)
        {
            if (options == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(options));
            }

            _compatibilityMode = options.Options.CompatibilityMode;
            if (!IsValidCompatibilityMode(_compatibilityMode))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException(Resources.InvalidPasswordHasherCompatibilityMode);
            }

            _rng = options.Options.Rng;
        }

        // Compares two byte arrays for equality. The method is specifically written so that the loop is not optimized.
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining | MethodImplOptions.NoOptimization)]
        private static bool ByteArraysEqual(byte[] a, byte[] b)
        {
            if (a == null && b == null)
            {
                return true;
            }
            if (a == null || b == null || a.Length != b.Length)
            {
                return false;
            }
            var areSame = true;
            for (var i = 0; i < a.Length; i++)
            {
                areSame &= (a[i] == b[i]);
            }
            return areSame;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Hash a password
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="user"></param>
        /// <param name="password"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public virtual string HashPassword(TUser user, string password)
        {
            if (password == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(password));
            }

            if (_compatibilityMode == PasswordHasherCompatibilityMode.IdentityV2)
            {
                return Convert.ToBase64String(HashPasswordV2(password, _rng));
            }
            else
            {
                return Convert.ToBase64String(HashPasswordV3(password, _rng));
            }
        }

        private static byte[] HashPasswordV2(string password, RandomNumberGenerator rng)
        {
            const KeyDerivationPrf Pbkdf2Prf = KeyDerivationPrf.Sha1; // default for Rfc2898DeriveBytes
            const int Pbkdf2IterCount = 1000; // default for Rfc2898DeriveBytes
            const int Pbkdf2SubkeyLength = 256 / 8; // 256 bits
            const int SaltSize = 128 / 8; // 128 bits

            // Produce a version 2 (see comment above) text hash.
            byte[] salt = new byte[SaltSize];
            rng.GetBytes(salt);
            byte[] subkey = KeyDerivation.Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Prf, Pbkdf2IterCount, Pbkdf2SubkeyLength);

            var outputBytes = new byte[1 + SaltSize + Pbkdf2SubkeyLength];
            outputBytes[0] = 0x00; // format marker
            Buffer.BlockCopy(salt, 0, outputBytes, 1, SaltSize);
            Buffer.BlockCopy(subkey, 0, outputBytes, 1 + SaltSize, Pbkdf2SubkeyLength);
            return outputBytes;
        }

        private static byte[] HashPasswordV3(string password, RandomNumberGenerator rng)
        {
            return HashPasswordV3(password, rng,
                prf: KeyDerivationPrf.Sha256,
                iterCount: 10000,
                saltSize: 128 / 8,
                numBytesRequested: 256 / 8);
        }

        private static byte[] HashPasswordV3(string password, RandomNumberGenerator rng, KeyDerivationPrf prf, int iterCount, int saltSize, int numBytesRequested)
        {
            // Produce a version 3 (see comment above) text hash.
            byte[] salt = new byte[saltSize];
            rng.GetBytes(salt);
            byte[] subkey = KeyDerivation.Pbkdf2(password, salt, prf, iterCount, numBytesRequested);

            var outputBytes = new byte[13 + salt.Length + subkey.Length];
            outputBytes[0] = 0x01; // format marker
            WriteNetworkByteOrder(outputBytes, 1, (uint)prf);
            WriteNetworkByteOrder(outputBytes, 5, (uint)iterCount);
            WriteNetworkByteOrder(outputBytes, 9, (uint)saltSize);
            Buffer.BlockCopy(salt, 0, outputBytes, 13, salt.Length);
            Buffer.BlockCopy(subkey, 0, outputBytes, 13 + saltSize, subkey.Length);
            return outputBytes;
        }

        private static bool IsValidCompatibilityMode(PasswordHasherCompatibilityMode compatibilityMode)
        {
            return (compatibilityMode == PasswordHasherCompatibilityMode.IdentityV2 || compatibilityMode == PasswordHasherCompatibilityMode.IdentityV3);
        }

        private static uint ReadNetworkByteOrder(byte[] buffer, int offset)
        {
            return ((uint)(buffer[offset + 0]) << 24)
                | ((uint)(buffer[offset + 1]) << 16)
                | ((uint)(buffer[offset + 2]) << 8)
                | ((uint)(buffer[offset + 3]));
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Verify that a password matches the hashedPassword
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="user"></param>
        /// <param name="hashedPassword"></param>
        /// <param name="providedPassword"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public virtual PasswordVerificationResult VerifyHashedPassword(TUser user, string hashedPassword, string providedPassword)
        {
            if (hashedPassword == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(hashedPassword));
            }
            if (providedPassword == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(providedPassword));
            }

            byte[] decodedHashedPassword = Convert.FromBase64String(hashedPassword);

            // read the format marker from the hashed password
            if (decodedHashedPassword.Length == 0)
            {
                return PasswordVerificationResult.Failed;
            }
            switch (decodedHashedPassword[0])
            {
                case 0x00:
                    if (VerifyHashedPasswordV2(decodedHashedPassword, providedPassword))
                    {
                        // This is an old password hash format - the caller needs to rehash if we're not running in an older compat mode.
                        return (_compatibilityMode == PasswordHasherCompatibilityMode.IdentityV3)
                            ? PasswordVerificationResult.SuccessRehashNeeded
                            : PasswordVerificationResult.Success;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return PasswordVerificationResult.Failed;
                    }

                case 0x01:
                    return VerifyHashedPasswordV3(decodedHashedPassword, providedPassword)
                        ? PasswordVerificationResult.Success
                        : PasswordVerificationResult.Failed;

                default:
                    return PasswordVerificationResult.Failed; // unknown format marker
            }
        }

        private static bool VerifyHashedPasswordV2(byte[] hashedPassword, string password)
        {
            const KeyDerivationPrf Pbkdf2Prf = KeyDerivationPrf.Sha1; // default for Rfc2898DeriveBytes
            const int Pbkdf2IterCount = 1000; // default for Rfc2898DeriveBytes
            const int Pbkdf2SubkeyLength = 256 / 8; // 256 bits
            const int SaltSize = 128 / 8; // 128 bits

            // We know ahead of time the exact length of a valid hashed password payload.
            if (hashedPassword.Length != 1 + SaltSize + Pbkdf2SubkeyLength)
            {
                return false; // bad size
            }

            byte[] salt = new byte[SaltSize];
            Buffer.BlockCopy(hashedPassword, 1, salt, 0, salt.Length);

            byte[] expectedSubkey = new byte[Pbkdf2SubkeyLength];
            Buffer.BlockCopy(hashedPassword, 1 + salt.Length, expectedSubkey, 0, expectedSubkey.Length);

            // Hash the incoming password and verify it
            byte[] actualSubkey = KeyDerivation.Pbkdf2(password, salt, Pbkdf2Prf, Pbkdf2IterCount, Pbkdf2SubkeyLength);
            return ByteArraysEqual(actualSubkey, expectedSubkey);
        }

        private static bool VerifyHashedPasswordV3(byte[] hashedPassword, string password)
        {
            try
            {
                // Read header information
                KeyDerivationPrf prf = (KeyDerivationPrf)ReadNetworkByteOrder(hashedPassword, 1);
                int iterCount = (int)ReadNetworkByteOrder(hashedPassword, 5);
                int saltLength = (int)ReadNetworkByteOrder(hashedPassword, 9);

                // Read the salt: must be >= 128 bits
                if (saltLength < 128 / 8)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                byte[] salt = new byte[saltLength];
                Buffer.BlockCopy(hashedPassword, 13, salt, 0, salt.Length);

                // Read the subkey (the rest of the payload): must be >= 128 bits
                int subkeyLength = hashedPassword.Length - 13 - salt.Length;
                if (subkeyLength < 128 / 8)
                {
                    return false;
                }
                byte[] expectedSubkey = new byte[subkeyLength];
                Buffer.BlockCopy(hashedPassword, 13 + salt.Length, expectedSubkey, 0, expectedSubkey.Length);

                // Hash the incoming password and verify it
                byte[] actualSubkey = KeyDerivation.Pbkdf2(password, salt, prf, iterCount, subkeyLength);
                return ByteArraysEqual(actualSubkey, expectedSubkey);
            }
            catch
            {
                // This should never occur except in the case of a malformed payload, where
                // we might go off the end of the array. Regardless, a malformed payload
                // implies verification failed.
                return false;
            }
        }

        private static void WriteNetworkByteOrder(byte[] buffer, int offset, uint value)
        {
            buffer[offset + 0] = (byte)(value >> 24);
            buffer[offset + 1] = (byte)(value >> 16);
            buffer[offset + 2] = (byte)(value >> 8);
            buffer[offset + 3] = (byte)(value >> 0);
        }
    }
}